The task will carry out a comparative case study research into participation and engagement at different stages of the policy-making process and at multiple levels of governance, with cases from at least eight European countries (i.e., Bulgaria, France, Finland, Italy, Portugal, Croatia, Slovenia, and Spain), in addition to at least three international cases. 

The aim is to systematically analyse participation and engagement formats, opportunities, and needs in pursuit of socio-ecological transformation, with particular attention to the role of (social) media, the use of public spaces, the role of education for inclusive citizenship, and especially the involvement of vulnerable and disenfranchised communities, and to identify determinants of success and failure.